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Monday, 27 April 2015
Computer Keyboard Shortcut Keys
Computer Keyboard Shortcut
Keyboard Shortcut
Shortcut keys ABCs
Shortcut keys help provide an easier and
usually quicker method of navigating and executing commands in computer
software programs. Shortcut keys are commonly accessed by using the Alt key (on IBM compatible computers), Command key (on Apple computers), Ctrl key, or Shift key in conjunction with another key. The de facto standard for listing a shortcut is listing the modifier key, a plus symbol, and another key. In other words, "Ctrl+S" is telling you to press and hold the Ctrl key, and then press the S key too.
In addition to the shortcuts listed on this page, users can find the shortcut keys to their most popular program by looking for underlined
letters in their menus. For example, the image to the right has an
underline on the "F" in File, which means you can press the Alt key and
then the "F" key to access the File menu.
Some programs require the user to press and hold
Alt to see the underlined characters. In the same image above, you can
see that some of the common features, such as Open (Ctrl+O) and Save
(Ctrl+S), have shortcut keys assigned to them. As you begin to memorize
shortcut keys, you'll notice that many applications share the same
shortcut keys. We have a list of the most commonly shared ones in the basic PC shortcut keys section.
Tip: Users outside the
United States or users using a foreign copy of Microsoft Windows or a
Microsoft application may not be able to get all the below shortcut keys
to perform the function listed.
Basic PC shortcut keys
Below is a list of some of the most commonly used basic
shortcut keys that work with almost all IBM compatible computers and
software programs. It is highly recommended that all users keep a good
reference of these shortcut keys or try to memorize them. Doing so will
dramatically increase your productivity.
Tip: Besides the special
character shortcuts listed here, some special characters are also
located on the number keys (below the F1 - F12 keys). You can enter
these special characters by pressing the Shift key and the number key
that has the special character listed on it.
Shortcut Keys
Description
Alt + F
File menu options in current program.
Alt + E
Edit options in current program
Alt + Tab
Switch between open programs
F1
Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
F2
Rename a selected file
F5
Refresh the current program window
Ctrl + N
Create a new, blank document in some software programs
Highlights from current position to beginning of line.
Shift + End
Highlights from current position to end of line.
Ctrl + Left arrow
Moves one word to the left at a time.
Ctrl + Right arrow
Moves one word to the right at a time.
Ctrl + Esc
Opens the
START menu
Ctrl + Shift + Esc
Opens Windows Task Manager
Alt + F4
Close the currently active program
Alt + Enter
Open the Properties for the selected item (file, folder, shortcut, etc.)
PC shortcut keys for Special Characters
There are many special characters that can be created
using keyboard shortcuts. Below are some of the more common and popular
special characters and the keyboard shortcuts to create them.
As you browse the Internet, everything you view is saved to the cache on your computer. Using cache helps everything load faster because data comes from your hard drive instead of a server
in a different part of the world. To conserve hard drive space or keep
your browsing private, you can clear or delete the history (cache).
Select your Internet browser from the following list to get started.
Microsoft Internet Explorer
Tip: Internet Explorer 7.0 and above requires the user to press the Alt key to access the File Menu bar.
On the General tab, in the Browsing history section, click the Settings button.
On the Temporary Internet Files tab, click the View Files button.
Viewing History in Internet Explorer 6.x
Open the Microsoft Internet Explorer browser.
In the toolbar at the top of the screen, click the Tools menu.
In the dropdown menu, select Internet Options.
Click the Settings button.
Click the View Files button.
Delete History Using Shortcut Keys
Open the Microsoft Internet Explorer browser.
Press Ctrl + Shift + Del to open the Delete Browsing History window.
Check the boxes of the data you'd like to clear.
Click Delete.
Delete History in Internet Explorer 7 and Above
Open your browser.
Click Tools in the upper right-hand corner.
Select Internet Options from the dropdown menu.
On the General tab, in the Browsing history section, click the Delete button.
Check the boxes of the data you'd like to clear.
Click Delete.
Delete History in Internet Explorer 6 and Above
Open the Microsoft Internet Explorer browser.
In the toolbar at the top of the screen, click the Tools menu.
In the dropdown menu, select Internet Options.
Click the Clear Browser History button.
Click the Delete Files button.
Click OK.
Delete History in Internet Explorer 4.x
Open the Microsoft Internet Explorer browser.
Click the History icon.
Click Clear Internet History.
Click OK.
Delete History in Internet Explorer 3.02 and Lower
Open the Microsoft Internet Explorer browser.
In the toolbar, click the View menu.
Click Options.
Open the Advanced tab.
Click the Settings tab.
Click the Empty Folder button.
Mozilla Firefox
Viewing History
If you do not have a home page set...
Open Firefox browser.
Click History button at the bottom of the browser window.
or if you do have a home page set...
Open Firefox browser.
Press Ctrl + H to open the history bar on the left-hand side of the screen, or Ctrl + Shift + H to open the history window.
You can also click the Menu
icon in the top right-hand corner of the screen and select History in the menu.
Deleting History
Open Firefox browser.
Press Ctrl + Shift + Del to open the Clear Recent History window.
Select an option for Time range to clear.
Click the arrow for Details and select the options to have cleared.
Click the Clear Now button.
or
Open Firefox browser.
Click Menu in the top right-hand corner of the screen.
Click the History button.
Click the Clear recent history option.
Select an option for Time range to clear.
Click the arrow for Details and select the options to have cleared.
Click the Clear Now button.
Google Chrome
Viewing History
Open the Chrome browser.
Press Ctrl + H to open the left-side history bar.
or
Click the Wrench or Menu icon, which is located near the top-right side of the browser window.
Click History.
Deleting History
Open the Chrome browser.
Press Ctrl + Shift + Del to open the Clear Browsing Data Window.
Click the Clear browsing data button.
or
Click the Wrench or Menu icon, which is located near the top-right side of the browser window.
Move your mouse over
More tools and select Clear browsing data...
Select how far back in your history you want to delete. You can choose from the past hour, the past day, the past week, the last four weeks, and the beginning of time.
Select the types of history you would like to delete by checking or unchecking boxes on this list:
Click the Clear browsing data button to delete the selected history for the chosen period.
Google Chrome on Android phone or tablet
Viewing and Deleting History
Open the Google Chrome browser.
Tap the Menu icon in the top right corner of the screen next to the address bar.
In the dropdown Menu, tap History.
Tap CLEAR BROWSING DATA... at the bottom of the screen.
Select appropriate boxes.
Tap the Clear button.
Opera
Viewing History
Open the Opera Internet browser.
Press Ctrl + H to open the History tab.
or
Click the in the upper left-hand corner of the window.
Next to Obliterate the following items from: click the down arrow and select the beginning of time.
Check the appropriate boxes then click Clear browsing data.
Safari
Viewing History
Open the Opera web browser.
Press Ctrl + H to open the left-side history bar.
or
Click on the Gear icon, which is located near the top-right side of the browser window.
Click History, the Clear History, then Clear.
Deleting History
Click on the Gear icon, which is located near the top-right side of the browser window.
Click the Reset Safari... link, which opens the window shown below. Uncheck any boxes whose content you do not want to delete and click the Reset button.
Safari on iPhone and iPad
Viewing and Deleting History
Open the Safari browser.
Scroll up until you see the address bar at the top of the screen and a toolbar on the bottom.
On the toolbar at the bottom, click the fourth icon from the left that looks like a book.
Click History.
Click Clear in the lower right-hand side of the screen.
Netscape
Viewing History
Open the Netscape Internet browser.
From the toolbar, click Edit, Preferences, History.
Locate the folder in which Netscape is storing your files.
Double click this folder within Explorer to view your browser history..
Deleting History
Open the Netscape Internet browser.
From the toolbar, click Edit, Preferences, History.
Click the Clear History button.
Additional Tips
Tip: If you clear your Internet browser history often, you may want to consider browsing in incognito mode. Tip: If you click In the Address bar, you may press the Shift + Del keys to delete items individually. Tip: If you do not see the File, Edit, View menu in Internet Explorer or Firefox, press the Alt key.
See the cache and history definitions for further information about each of these terms.
Tuesday, 14 April 2015
This is the world's smallest computer
Computers used to consume whole rooms, but now one computer
can fit on the edge of a nickel. At just one millimeter cubed, the
Michigan Micro Mote (M^3) is the smallest autonomous computer in the
world.For over a decade, the faculty and students at the
University of Michigan's computer science department have been working
on the M^3. As the Internet of Things (IoT) gets bigger, the Michigan
team is pushing to make computers ever smaller.
"The Internet of Things describes a world in which everyday common objects have intelligence
- like a toaster, a washing machine, or doorknob. All of those things
will someday have integrated circuits in them that can talk to each
other over a network," said Dag Spicer, senior curator at the Computer
History Museum in Mountain View, Calif.
Despite its tiny size, the
M^3 has the ability to take pictures, read temperatures and record
pressure readings. Researchers hope to implement the microcomputer into a
variety of applications ranging from medical to industrial purposes.
Due to its micro-size, the M^3 can actually be injected into the body,
where it can then perform ECGs and also take pressure and temperature
readings. The oil industry is also interested in inserting the Micro
Mote into oil wells to help detect pockets of oil that can still be
extracted before moving on to new sources.
Martin Vloet
The
Michigan faculty sees the Micro Mote as a way to never lose anything
again. The vision is that people would buy a couple of M^3s and stick
the computers to their keys, wallet, and anything else they don't want
to lose. And using a central system, people would be able to locate
their belongings within the confines of their home. As the tech industry pursues the IoT movement,
size and power are everything. In order to make the micro mote as
unobtrusive as possible, the scientists had to find a way to scale down
the computer's battery size.
"What people don't realize is a very
large part of the volume of a computer for instance in a cellphone is
actually consumed by the battery," said David Blaauw, professor of
electrical engineering and computer science at the University of
Michigan. "So by bringing down the power, we can bring down the battery
size, and we can bring down the whole system down in size."
With
no space for a keyboard, mouse or display, the faculty and students had
to invent a different way to communicate with the micro mote. The M^3 is
programmed and charged via light. By strobing light at a high
frequency, the operator is able to send information to the computer.
Once the Micro Mote processes the data, it is able to send the
information to a central computer via conventional radio frequencies.
The
M^3 is ready for production now, the faculty and staff are already
looking forward to creating even smaller computers, which they call
smart dust.
"Going forward there's no reason you can't keep
pushing that. Can't get to a hundred microns on a side. And then you can
get chips inside cells," said Dennis Sylvester, also a professor of
electrical engineering and computer science at the University of
Michigan. "It's an easy thing to see as, you know, making science
fiction a reality."
Microsoft Internet Explorer
in the upper right-hand corner.
Mozilla Firefox
icon in the top right-hand corner of the screen and select History in the menu.
Google Chrome
or Menu 
icon, which is located near the top-right side of the browser window.
icon in the top right corner of the screen next to the address bar. 
Opera
in the upper left-hand corner of the window.
Safari
icon, which is located near the top-right side of the browser window. 
Netscape