Google Chrome Shortcut Keys, Keyboard Shortcut for Google Chrome, Shortcut Keys for Google Chrome.
Alt+Home
Open your homepage.
Alt+Tab
Toggle between browser windows.
Alt+Left Arrow
Back a page.
Alt+Right Arrow
Forward a page.
F11
Display the current website in full-screen mode. Pressing F11 again will exit this mode.
Esc
Stop page or download from loading.
Ctrl+(- or +)
Zoom in or out of a page, "-" will zoom out and "+" will zoom in.
Ctrl+1-8
Pressing Ctrl and any number 1 through 8 will move to the corresponding tab in your tab bar.
Ctrl+9
Switch to last tab.
Ctrl+0
Reset browser zoom to default.
Ctrl+Enter
This combination is used to quickly complete an address. For example, type "computerhope" in the address bar and press Ctrl+Enter to get https://www.computerhope.com.
Ctrl+Shift+Del
Open the Clear Data window to quickly clear private data.
Ctrl+Shift+B
Toggle the bookmarks bar between hidden and shown.
This combination reopens the last tab you've closed. If you've closed multiple tabs you can press this shortcut key multiple times to restore each of the closed tabs.
Ctrl+Tab
Moves through each of the open tabs going to the right.
Ctrl+Shift+Tab
Moves through each of the open tabs going to the left.
Ctrl+Left-click
Open a link in a new tab in the background.
Ctrl+Shift Left-click
Open a link in a new tab and switch to the new tab.
Ctrl+Page Down
Open the browser tab to the right.
Ctrl+Page Up
Open the browser tab to the left.
Spacebar
Moves down a page at a time.
Shift+Spacebar
Moves up a page at a time.
Home
Go to top of page.
End
Go to bottom of page.
Alt+Down Arrow
Display all previous text entered in a text box and available options on a drop-down menu.
Monday, 14 January 2019
VPN (virtual private network)
#what is VPN, VPN Stands for, What is virtual private network, top 10 VPN Provider, top 10 VPN Software.
A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates a safe and encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the internet.
VPN technology was developed as a way to allow remote users and branch offices to securely access corporate applications and other resources. To ensure safety, data travels through secure tunnels, and VPN users must use authentication methods -- including passwords, tokens or other unique identification procedures -- to gain access to the VPN server.
VPNs are used by remote workers who need access to corporate resources, consumers who may want to download files and business travelers who may want to log into sites that are geographically restricted. VPN services are critical conduits through which data can be transported safely and securely.
How a VPN works and why you should use one
The two most common types of VPNs are remote access VPNs and site-to-site VPNs.
A remote access VPN uses a public telecommunication infrastructure like the internet to provide remote users with secure access to their organization's network. This is especially important when employees are using a public Wi-Fi hotspot or other avenues to access the internet and connect to their corporate network.
A VPN client on a remote user's computer or mobile device connects to a VPN gateway on the organization's network. The gateway typically requires the device to authenticate its identity. Then, it creates a network link back to the device that allows it to reach internal network resources -- e.g., file servers, printers and intranets -- as though the gateway is on the network locally.
A remote-access VPN usually relies on either IP Security (IPsec) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to secure the connection, although SSL VPNs are often focused on supplying secure access to a single application rather than to the entire internal network.
In addition to IPsec and SSL, other protocols used to secure VPN connectivity and encrypt data are Transport Layer Security and OpenVPN.
A site-to-site VPN uses a gateway device to connect an entire network in one location to a network in another -- usually a small branch connecting to a data center. End-node devices in the remote location do not need VPN clients because the gateway handles the connection.
Most site-to-site VPNs connecting over the internet use IPsec. It is also common for them to use carrier MPLS clouds rather than the public internet as the transport for site-to-site VPNs. Here, too, it is possible to have either Layer 3 connectivity (MPLS IP VPN) or Layer 2 (virtual private LAN service) running across the base transport.
VPN services can also be defined as connections between specific computers, typically servers in separate data centers, when security requirements for their exchanges exceed what the enterprise network can deliver. Increasingly, enterprises also use VPN connections in either remote access mode or site-to-site mode to connect -- or connect to -- resources in a public infrastructure-as-a-service environment.
Newer hybrid-access scenarios put the VPN gateway itself in the cloud, with a secure link from the cloud service provider into the internal network.
Benefits of using a VPN
The justification for using VPN access instead of a private network usually boils down to cost and feasibility: It is either not feasible to have a private network -- e.g., for a traveling sales rep -- or it is too costly to do so.
In addition to providing a secure way for remote users to transmit or access information, VPN services are used for other purposes, as well. VPNs can hide a user's browsing activity, which is particularly helpful with public Wi-Fi connections. VPNs also allow users to connect to sites that may be blocked geographically.
VPN performance may be affected by a variety of factors, among them, the speed of users' internet connections, the types of protocols an internet service provider uses and the types of encryption the VPN uses. VPN services performance can also be affected by poor quality of service and conditions that are outside IT's control.
Number of servers: 2000+ | Server locations: 148 | IP addresses: 30,000 | Maximum devices supported: 3
Admirable scope of quality apps
Great customer support
Plenty of servers
Only supports a maximum of three devices
ExpressVPN has long been recognised as one of the world's top VPN providers, with fast speeds and solid customer support.
With 148 locations in 94 countries, paired with plenty of clients, it’s among the best services out there. Regardless of your platform, you will find a native client, as ExpressVPN offers clients for Mac, Windows, Linux, but also iOS and Android, and even BlackBerry (albeit limited to a handful of models).
ExpressVPN also offers routers with custom fireware and VPN browser extensions, making it an all-around great service.
A wide variety of simple and useful web-based tutorials will make sure you're up and running in no time. This includes P2P support, a kill switch and generally good performance.
The only negative here is that only three connections can be supported at the same time, and it's hardly the cheapest service out there. There's no demo, but there is a 30-day money-back guarantee.
Number of servers: 1000+ | Server locations: 60+ | IP addresses: 40000+ | Maximum devices supported: 10
No traffic logs
High download speeds
Adjustable software
Lacks free trial
For IPVanish, its key selling point is the quality of service.
The company claims to offer “the world’s fastest VPN”, with more than 40,000 shared IPs, almost a thousand VPN servers spread across 60 countries, unlimited P2P traffic, five connections and lo logs.
If the price is your main concern you might want to look elsewhere, but in other case, IPVanish is a serious contender with fast speeds, plenty locations to choose from and a well-built client (even though its latest Windows client could use a bit more work – it suffers from the odd network issue).
Again, it's not the cheapest product out there, but with this service you get what you pay for, and there is a seven-day money back guarantee.
Number of servers: 5064 | Server locations: 62 | IP addresses: N/A | Maximum devices supported: 6
Intuitive clients for both desktop and mobile
Supports up to six devices
Strong performance
Unclear session logging policy
One would expect such a powerful solution to be located in one of the world’s largest tech hubs, but NordVPN is located in Central America.
Its key advantages are a large pool of servers (5,000+), and more than 60 locations around the globe. It can support up to six devices at the same time, and the data gets a 2048-bit encryption. Features like DNS leak protection, killswitch, dedicated IP address and being able to pay with cryptocurrency are also very worth mentioning.
Even when it came to the most important part – performance – NordVPN stood strong. Its speeds for short connections were commendable, long-term ones – delicious. The downside is the privacy policy – its stance on session logging is somewhat unclear. IT does state a ‘no logs policy’, though.
There are four different packs to choose from, so here is what’s on offer:
Number of servers: 2500+ | Server locations: 25 | IP addresses: N/A | Maximum devices supported: 5
Affordable plans
Speedy conenctions
Offers seven days for free
Lacks on the server front
Hotspot Shield Elite is another of the market's top offerings, coming with all the necessities at a competitive price and the ability to purchase a lifetime license. Private browsing, “access all content”, and up to five simultaneous devices – those are the aces up Hotspot Shield’s sleeves.
Performance-wise it lacks for nothing, there’s an ever so slight increase in latency, with both upload and download speeds a bit faster after being connected.
What we’d like to see is more freedom for configurations, and more locations. However, with such high speeds and competitive prices, there’s very little room to feel unsatisfied. At the end of the day, there is a seven-day trial for everyone to see for themselves.
Just as with other VPN services, the two-year subscription is the best overall offer:
Number of servers: 3000+ | Server locations: 60+ | IP addresses: N/A | Maximum devices supported: 7
Advanced features
Solid performance
Supports torrents
Interface needs work
With multiple clients, rich with different features, it’s no wonder this VPN service handles more than 10 million users. CyberGhost covers Microsoft’s and Apple’s operating systems, but also iOS and Android. The interface is not the best out there and could definitely use some work, but these disadvantages are easily overshadowed by the awesome features this VPN offers.
One feature in particular, which stands out, is the option of kicking off the VPN when specific apps are launched.
Torrent users will be happy to hear that this service supports them on most of its servers. Performance-wise it is solid.
It offers a free plan that comes with a few caveats, including just one device at a time, being a bit slower than the commercial version, and ads. Data usage is unlimited, and for those looking to buy, they have a 30-day money-back guarantee.
Number of servers: ~1,000 | Server locations: 20+ | IP addresses: N/A | Maximum devices supported: 5
Great user experience
Plenty of clients to choose from
Solid privacy policy
Long-distance connections can slow down
Whenever someone mentions TunnelBear, ease of use is the first thing that comes to mind. This Canada-based VPN offers extremely good user experience, but also plenty of clients to choose from on both desktop and mobile platforms.
Its hassle-free approach is clearly visible from the company's website – the language is as simple as it can be. Experts, on the other hand, might not enjoy not being able to get access to all the nuts and bolts of the clients. So if you're a beginner – this one is for you.
TunnelBear comes with servers in more than 20 countries and offers up to five connections at the same time, which is pretty good, all things considered. It has strong privacy measures and clear policies.
It also performed really well in our tests, even though long-distance connections seem to drop in speed.
There is a free plan limiting you to 500MB per month. Paid plans offer unlimited data and are fairly cheap, including:
Number of servers: 300+ | Server locations: 50+ | IP addresses: N/A | Maximum devices supported: Unlimited
Unlimited simultaneous connections
Great free plan
Tough privacy policy
Could be speedier
This service offers four native clients – one for Windows, Mac, iOS and Android. Be advised that the Android one is still new and could be a bit unstable, so proceed at your own risk. There are also solidly built browser add-ons.
Windscribe's strongest selling point is that it offers unlimited connections with its commercial plans, so it can cover everything, regardless of how many machines you throw at it.
With a clear-cut privacy policy and a simple, powerful Windows client, it’s easy to see why Windscribe made it to this list. Performance might disappoint you a bit as we can only describe it as average.
Still, it offers a free plan with 10GB monthly data (albeit for one device only).
The Pro plan offers unlimited data, and can be bought either as a monthly, yearly or a biennial plan:
Number of servers: 700+ | Server locations: 70+ | IP addresses: 200,000+ | Maximum devices supported: 3-5
High performance
Competitive pricing
Easy to use interface
Monthly plans can be expensive
VyprVPN looks to stand out from the crowd with a useful unlimited data usage offering.
The service is also based in Switzerland, meaning it can benefit from the country’s advanced privacy laws. There are more than 70 server locations around the world, and comes with cool features like auto-connect or a killswitch.
Clients are very intuitive, especially the Windows offering, and the service includes VyprDNS and the Chameleon protocol to provide extra security.
There are no refunds, but there is a three-day trial. When it comes to subscribing, you can choose either a monthly or an annual plan, be it either Basic or Premium.
Here is what it offers.
9. Private Internet Access
Another highly user-friendly VPN
Number of servers: 3,160 | Server locations: 33 | IP addresses: ?? | Maximum devices supported: 5
Everyone loves a bargain, and Private Internet Access knows it. Its budget pricing means some compromise in features, though not as much as you'd expect. 33 locations makes for a relatively small network, but it's going to be enough for most people. And although you don't get live chat support, there's 24/7 help available via email, and we got a useful response in around two hours.
Performance followed the same story, where it wasn't quite the best, but still managed to be better than average, with solid US and European speeds and only some inconsistencies over long-distance connections to mildly spoil the picture.
Free and cheap VPNs can fund themselves by selling your browsing history, but Private Internet Access' privacy policy clearly rules out all forms of session and activity logging. You don't just have to take the company's word for it, either. There are court records showing that even when Private Internet Access has been served a subpoena, absolutely nothing user-related was given up.
This is all good news, and it gets better in other areas, where Private Internet Access scores very well. There are custom clients for Windows, Mac, Android, iOS and Linux; browser extensions (open source) for Chrome, Firefox and Opera; built-in blocking for ads, trackers and malicious websites; torrents available on all its servers, and the option to pay via Bitcoin if you'd like to stay extra-anonymous.
Number of servers: 400+ | Server locations: 70+ | IP addresses: N/A | Maximum devices supported: 5
Impressive speeds
Great range of clients
Bitcoin supported
Not good for torrent users
New York-based KeepSolid is an unusual VPN which stands out in many areas, sometimes in a positive way, sometimes more negatively.
The service scores with its technical extras. A lengthy list of apps includes downloads for Windows, Mac, Android, iOS, Linux, Windows Phone and Apple TV. Protocol support covers everything important (OpenVPN, L2TP/IPSec, IKEv2, PPTP), and throws in KeepSolid's Wise to help bypass VPN blocking. And you can avoid overloaded VPN servers by buying one just for you, for example getting your very own New York server.
Unfortunately, there are also lots of issues, including with some service fundamentals. Although you get 70+ locations, there are only 400 servers (NordVPN above claims more than 5,000.) The apps are a little underpowered, so for example the Windows client doesn't have a kill switch. There's some session logging, and torrent support is limited to only five KeepSolid servers.
Our real-world tests were broadly positive, though with one or two problems. Download speeds were good for US and European connections, reasonable for most of the rest of the world, and KeepSolid successfully unblocked Netflix and iPlayer. But connection times averaged five seconds longer than ExpressVPN, and speeds with a few long-distance locations plummeted to under 10Mb.
The end result is a very mixed picture, where some people might love KeepSolid, others might hate it, depending on their requirements. We say, if KeepSolid's more unusual features sound appealing, give it a try, see how the VPN works for you.
KeepSolid offers a seven-day trial, and a seven-day money-back guarantee to boot, with a choice of four competitively-priced plans. The packages available are:
